{"id":1228,"date":"2025-09-11T08:59:45","date_gmt":"2025-09-11T08:59:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/javadfarahani.com\/?p=1228"},"modified":"2026-04-06T15:54:04","modified_gmt":"2026-04-06T15:54:04","slug":"a-sustainability-assessment-of-a-blockchain-secured-solar-energy-logger-for-edge-iot-environments","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/javadfarahani.com\/de\/academic\/a-sustainability-assessment-of-a-blockchain-secured-solar-energy-logger-for-edge-iot-environments\/","title":{"rendered":"A Sustainability Assessment of a Blockchain-Secured Solar Energy Logger for Edge IoT Environments"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1228\" class=\"elementor elementor-1228\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6154375 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6154375\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2de7b53\" data-id=\"2de7b53\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e545608 elementor-widget elementor-widget-tp-adv-text-block\" data-id=\"e545608\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tp-adv-text-block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pt-plus-text-block-wrapper\" ><div class=\"text_block_parallax\"><div class=\"pt_plus_adv_text_block \" ><div class=\"text-content-block\"><p data-start=\"449\" data-end=\"602\">I am pleased to announce the publication of my latest peer-reviewed article in <em data-start=\"528\" data-end=\"549\">MDPI Sustainability<\/em>, co-authored with <strong data-start=\"568\" data-end=\"599\">Prof. Dr. Horst Treiblmaier<\/strong>:<\/p><p data-start=\"604\" data-end=\"678\"><a class=\"decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/17\/17\/8063\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"607\" data-end=\"676\">Read the full paper here<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06ac66d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"06ac66d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 08-05-2024 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Research Focus<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa44a43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-tp-adv-text-block\" data-id=\"fa44a43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tp-adv-text-block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pt-plus-text-block-wrapper\" ><div class=\"text_block_parallax\"><div class=\"pt_plus_adv_text_block \" ><div class=\"text-content-block\"><p data-start=\"710\" data-end=\"901\">The rapid global expansion of <strong data-start=\"740\" data-end=\"781\">distributed photovoltaic (PV) systems<\/strong> has created new opportunities for sustainable energy generation. However, this shift also raises critical challenges:<\/p><ul data-start=\"903\" data-end=\"1121\"><li data-start=\"903\" data-end=\"975\"><p data-start=\"905\" data-end=\"975\"><strong data-start=\"905\" data-end=\"940\">Data integrity and transparency<\/strong> in measuring solar energy output<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"976\" data-end=\"1039\"><p data-start=\"978\" data-end=\"1039\"><strong data-start=\"978\" data-end=\"999\">Tamper resistance<\/strong> in environmental and carbon reporting<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1040\" data-end=\"1121\"><p data-start=\"1042\" data-end=\"1121\"><strong data-start=\"1042\" data-end=\"1072\">Scalability and efficiency<\/strong> of digital infrastructures in IoT environments<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"1123\" data-end=\"1437\">Traditional logging systems\u2014whether local-only or cloud-based\u2014lack end-to-end verifiability and are vulnerable to data manipulation, insider threats, or single points of failure. At the same time, blockchain solutions often face criticism for high resource use and limited practicality on low-power edge devices.<\/p><p data-start=\"1439\" data-end=\"1630\">This study was designed to <strong data-start=\"1466\" data-end=\"1485\">bridge this gap<\/strong> by developing and empirically validating a <strong data-start=\"1529\" data-end=\"1581\">blockchain-secured, tamper-evident energy logger<\/strong> tailored for resource-constrained IoT systems.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a42056 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4a42056\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Research Design and Methodology<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-976c804 elementor-widget elementor-widget-tp-adv-text-block\" data-id=\"976c804\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tp-adv-text-block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pt-plus-text-block-wrapper\" ><div class=\"text_block_parallax\"><div class=\"pt_plus_adv_text_block \" ><div class=\"text-content-block\"><p data-start=\"1677\" data-end=\"1809\">Our work follows the <strong data-start=\"1698\" data-end=\"1743\">Design Science Research (DSR) methodology<\/strong>, focusing on iterative prototyping, evaluation, and validation.<\/p><p data-start=\"1811\" data-end=\"1833\"><strong data-start=\"1811\" data-end=\"1831\">System Features:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"1834\" data-end=\"2214\"><li data-start=\"1834\" data-end=\"1903\"><p data-start=\"1836\" data-end=\"1903\">Built on a <strong data-start=\"1847\" data-end=\"1866\">Raspberry Pi 4B<\/strong> equipped with an <strong data-start=\"1884\" data-end=\"1901\">INA219 sensor<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1904\" data-end=\"1980\"><p data-start=\"1906\" data-end=\"1980\">Implemented <strong data-start=\"1918\" data-end=\"1957\">SHA-256 cryptographic chain hashing<\/strong> for every sensor log<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1981\" data-end=\"2045\"><p data-start=\"1983\" data-end=\"2045\">Used <strong data-start=\"1988\" data-end=\"2012\">Merkle tree batching<\/strong> for scalable proof aggregation<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2046\" data-end=\"2132\"><p data-start=\"2048\" data-end=\"2132\">Applied <strong data-start=\"2056\" data-end=\"2100\">threshold-triggered blockchain anchoring<\/strong> to Ethereum (Sepolia testnet)<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2133\" data-end=\"2214\"><p data-start=\"2135\" data-end=\"2214\">Integrated <strong data-start=\"2146\" data-end=\"2189\">automatic rollover and retry mechanisms<\/strong> to ensure no data loss<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"2216\" data-end=\"2233\"><strong data-start=\"2216\" data-end=\"2231\">Deployment:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"2234\" data-end=\"2413\"><li data-start=\"2234\" data-end=\"2287\"><p data-start=\"2236\" data-end=\"2287\">Continuous operation for <strong data-start=\"2261\" data-end=\"2285\">135 hours (5.6 days)<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2288\" data-end=\"2338\"><p data-start=\"2290\" data-end=\"2338\">Over <strong data-start=\"2295\" data-end=\"2326\">10,268 solar energy records<\/strong> collected<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2339\" data-end=\"2413\"><p data-start=\"2341\" data-end=\"2413\"><strong data-start=\"2341\" data-end=\"2375\">130 Merkle-batched submissions<\/strong> successfully anchored to blockchain<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"2415\" data-end=\"2443\"><strong data-start=\"2415\" data-end=\"2441\">Evaluation Parameters:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"2444\" data-end=\"2683\"><li data-start=\"2444\" data-end=\"2501\"><p data-start=\"2446\" data-end=\"2501\">Operational overhead (CPU, RAM, temperature, network)<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2502\" data-end=\"2548\"><p data-start=\"2504\" data-end=\"2548\">Reliability under connectivity disruptions<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2549\" data-end=\"2618\"><p data-start=\"2551\" data-end=\"2618\">Cost and carbon footprint benchmarking against alternative models<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2619\" data-end=\"2683\"><p data-start=\"2621\" data-end=\"2683\">Comparative analysis with local-only and cloud-based loggers<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-565c1f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"565c1f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Research Key Results<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2f2c4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-tp-adv-text-block\" data-id=\"a2f2c4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tp-adv-text-block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pt-plus-text-block-wrapper\" ><div class=\"text_block_parallax\"><div class=\"pt_plus_adv_text_block \" ><div class=\"text-content-block\"><ul><li data-start=\"2710\" data-end=\"3028\"><p data-start=\"2713\" data-end=\"2751\"><strong data-start=\"2713\" data-end=\"2749\">Tamper-Evidence and Auditability<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"2755\" data-end=\"3028\"><li data-start=\"2755\" data-end=\"2859\"><p data-start=\"2757\" data-end=\"2859\">All 130 blockchain submissions were verified successfully using an independent Merkle verifier tool.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2863\" data-end=\"2961\"><p data-start=\"2865\" data-end=\"2961\">Any manipulation of raw logs (insertion, deletion, reordering) immediately invalidated proofs.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2965\" data-end=\"3028\"><p data-start=\"2967\" data-end=\"3028\">Established <strong data-start=\"2979\" data-end=\"3003\">end-to-end integrity<\/strong> for solar energy data.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"3030\" data-end=\"3249\"><p data-start=\"3033\" data-end=\"3065\"><strong data-start=\"3033\" data-end=\"3063\">System Resource Efficiency<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"3069\" data-end=\"3249\"><li data-start=\"3069\" data-end=\"3100\"><p data-start=\"3071\" data-end=\"3100\">Average CPU load: <strong data-start=\"3089\" data-end=\"3098\">0.01%<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3104\" data-end=\"3130\"><p data-start=\"3106\" data-end=\"3130\">RAM usage: ~<strong data-start=\"3118\" data-end=\"3128\">100 MB<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3134\" data-end=\"3171\"><p data-start=\"3136\" data-end=\"3171\">Device temperature: <strong data-start=\"3156\" data-end=\"3169\">\u2264 43.8 \u00b0C<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3175\" data-end=\"3249\"><p data-start=\"3177\" data-end=\"3249\">Negligible network overhead except during brief blockchain submissions<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"3251\" data-end=\"3566\"><p data-start=\"3254\" data-end=\"3285\"><strong data-start=\"3254\" data-end=\"3283\">Sustainability Assessment<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"3289\" data-end=\"3566\"><li data-start=\"3289\" data-end=\"3371\"><p data-start=\"3291\" data-end=\"3371\">Blockchain logging energy overhead: <strong data-start=\"3327\" data-end=\"3369\">0.00063% of Austria\u2019s annual PV output<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3375\" data-end=\"3451\"><p data-start=\"3377\" data-end=\"3451\">Carbon impact at national scale (250,000 PV systems): ~<strong data-start=\"3432\" data-end=\"3449\">5.2 tCO\u2082\/year<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3455\" data-end=\"3566\"><p data-start=\"3457\" data-end=\"3566\">Transaction cost sensitivity strongly influenced by Ethereum gas price but remains manageable with batching<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"3568\" data-end=\"3900\"><p data-start=\"3571\" data-end=\"3601\"><strong data-start=\"3571\" data-end=\"3599\">Comparative Benchmarking<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"3605\" data-end=\"3900\"><li data-start=\"3605\" data-end=\"3690\"><p data-start=\"3607\" data-end=\"3690\">Outperformed local-only and cloud loggers in <strong data-start=\"3652\" data-end=\"3668\">auditability<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"3673\" data-end=\"3687\">resilience<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3694\" data-end=\"3780\"><p data-start=\"3696\" data-end=\"3780\">Avoided scalability bottlenecks typical of continuous on-chain logging approaches.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3784\" data-end=\"3900\"><p data-start=\"3786\" data-end=\"3900\">Compatible with <strong data-start=\"3802\" data-end=\"3819\">ESG reporting<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"3821\" data-end=\"3855\">renewable energy certification<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"3861\" data-end=\"3886\">regulatory compliance<\/strong> frameworks.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e49d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"74e49d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Broader Implications of this Blockchain Research\n<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ad528 elementor-widget elementor-widget-tp-adv-text-block\" data-id=\"96ad528\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tp-adv-text-block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pt-plus-text-block-wrapper\" ><div class=\"text_block_parallax\"><div class=\"pt_plus_adv_text_block \" ><div class=\"text-content-block\"><p data-start=\"3936\" data-end=\"4099\">This research provides the first <strong data-start=\"3969\" data-end=\"4015\">hardware-validated, reproducible framework<\/strong> for blockchain-based solar energy logging, advancing both theory and practice in:<\/p><ul data-start=\"4101\" data-end=\"4455\"><li data-start=\"4101\" data-end=\"4187\"><p data-start=\"4103\" data-end=\"4187\"><strong data-start=\"4103\" data-end=\"4145\">Renewable Energy Certification (RECs):<\/strong> Automating carbon and energy accounting<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4188\" data-end=\"4270\"><p data-start=\"4190\" data-end=\"4270\"><strong data-start=\"4190\" data-end=\"4227\">ESG and Sustainability Reporting:<\/strong> Enabling verifiable digital audit trails<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4271\" data-end=\"4362\"><p data-start=\"4273\" data-end=\"4362\"><strong data-start=\"4273\" data-end=\"4305\">Peer-to-Peer Energy Markets:<\/strong> Supporting transparent settlement and fraud prevention<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4363\" data-end=\"4455\"><p data-start=\"4365\" data-end=\"4455\"><strong data-start=\"4365\" data-end=\"4400\">Smart Grid and IoT Integration:<\/strong> Facilitating scalable, low-overhead edge deployments<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"4457\" data-end=\"4672\">The logger demonstrates that <strong data-start=\"4486\" data-end=\"4541\">blockchain and sustainability are not contradictory<\/strong>\u2014when carefully designed, blockchain systems can enhance trust and accountability while maintaining minimal environmental impact.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7efa80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e7efa80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Where to Read the Full Paper\n<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c169c56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-tp-adv-text-block\" data-id=\"c169c56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tp-adv-text-block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pt-plus-text-block-wrapper\" ><div class=\"text_block_parallax\"><div class=\"pt_plus_adv_text_block \" ><div class=\"text-content-block\"><p data-start=\"5848\" data-end=\"6014\">If you're interested, the full paper is available on <strong data-start=\"5969\" data-end=\"5984\">MDPI SUSTAINABILITY<\/strong> under the following citation:<\/p><blockquote data-start=\"6016\" data-end=\"6292\"><p>Vasheghani Farahani, J., &amp; Treiblmaier, H. (2025). A Sustainability Assessment of a Blockchain-Secured Solar Energy Logger for Edge IoT Environments. Sustainability, 17(17), 8063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su17178063<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/javadvf\/solar_logger\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GitHub Repository \u2013 Source Code &amp; Data<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fc1115 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8fc1115\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Final Thoughts<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f0da80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-tp-adv-text-block\" data-id=\"4f0da80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tp-adv-text-block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pt-plus-text-block-wrapper\" ><div class=\"text_block_parallax\"><div class=\"pt_plus_adv_text_block \" ><div class=\"text-content-block\"><p data-start=\"1714\" data-end=\"1826\">This publication represents a step toward <strong data-start=\"5072\" data-end=\"5145\">verifiable, tamper-resistant, and sustainable digital infrastructures<\/strong> for renewable energy systems. I welcome collaborations and discussions on extending this framework to broader applications in <strong data-start=\"5272\" data-end=\"5315\">IoT, blockchain, and climate technology<\/strong>.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93ca5ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93ca5ca\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-442bb19\" data-id=\"442bb19\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d7aa59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-tp-adv-text-block\" data-id=\"1d7aa59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tp-adv-text-block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pt-plus-text-block-wrapper\" ><div class=\"text_block_parallax\"><div class=\"pt_plus_adv_text_block \" ><div class=\"text-content-block\"><p data-start=\"449\" data-end=\"602\">I am pleased to announce the publication of my latest peer-reviewed article in <em data-start=\"528\" data-end=\"549\">MDPI Sustainability<\/em>, co-authored with <strong data-start=\"568\" data-end=\"599\">Prof. Dr. Horst Treiblmaier<\/strong>:<\/p><p data-start=\"604\" data-end=\"678\"><a class=\"decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/17\/17\/8063\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"607\" data-end=\"676\">Read the full paper here<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa0a4fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aa0a4fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Research Focus<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96d1944 elementor-widget elementor-widget-tp-adv-text-block\" data-id=\"96d1944\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tp-adv-text-block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pt-plus-text-block-wrapper\" ><div class=\"text_block_parallax\"><div class=\"pt_plus_adv_text_block \" ><div class=\"text-content-block\"><p data-start=\"710\" data-end=\"901\">The rapid global expansion of <strong data-start=\"740\" data-end=\"781\">distributed photovoltaic (PV) systems<\/strong> has created new opportunities for sustainable energy generation. However, this shift also raises critical challenges:<\/p><ul data-start=\"903\" data-end=\"1121\"><li data-start=\"903\" data-end=\"975\"><p data-start=\"905\" data-end=\"975\"><strong data-start=\"905\" data-end=\"940\">Data integrity and transparency<\/strong> in measuring solar energy output<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"976\" data-end=\"1039\"><p data-start=\"978\" data-end=\"1039\"><strong data-start=\"978\" data-end=\"999\">Tamper resistance<\/strong> in environmental and carbon reporting<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1040\" data-end=\"1121\"><p data-start=\"1042\" data-end=\"1121\"><strong data-start=\"1042\" data-end=\"1072\">Scalability and efficiency<\/strong> of digital infrastructures in IoT environments<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"1123\" data-end=\"1437\">Traditional logging systems\u2014whether local-only or cloud-based\u2014lack end-to-end verifiability and are vulnerable to data manipulation, insider threats, or single points of failure. At the same time, blockchain solutions often face criticism for high resource use and limited practicality on low-power edge devices.<\/p><p data-start=\"1439\" data-end=\"1630\">This study was designed to <strong data-start=\"1466\" data-end=\"1485\">bridge this gap<\/strong> by developing and empirically validating a <strong data-start=\"1529\" data-end=\"1581\">blockchain-secured, tamper-evident energy logger<\/strong> tailored for resource-constrained IoT systems.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f9cdee elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4f9cdee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Research Design and Methodology<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cebc74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-tp-adv-text-block\" data-id=\"7cebc74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tp-adv-text-block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pt-plus-text-block-wrapper\" ><div class=\"text_block_parallax\"><div class=\"pt_plus_adv_text_block \" ><div class=\"text-content-block\"><p data-start=\"1677\" data-end=\"1809\">Our work follows the <strong data-start=\"1698\" data-end=\"1743\">Design Science Research (DSR) methodology<\/strong>, focusing on iterative prototyping, evaluation, and validation.<\/p><p data-start=\"1811\" data-end=\"1833\"><strong data-start=\"1811\" data-end=\"1831\">System Features:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"1834\" data-end=\"2214\"><li data-start=\"1834\" data-end=\"1903\"><p data-start=\"1836\" data-end=\"1903\">Built on a <strong data-start=\"1847\" data-end=\"1866\">Raspberry Pi 4B<\/strong> equipped with an <strong data-start=\"1884\" data-end=\"1901\">INA219 sensor<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1904\" data-end=\"1980\"><p data-start=\"1906\" data-end=\"1980\">Implemented <strong data-start=\"1918\" data-end=\"1957\">SHA-256 cryptographic chain hashing<\/strong> for every sensor log<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1981\" data-end=\"2045\"><p data-start=\"1983\" data-end=\"2045\">Used <strong data-start=\"1988\" data-end=\"2012\">Merkle tree batching<\/strong> for scalable proof aggregation<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2046\" data-end=\"2132\"><p data-start=\"2048\" data-end=\"2132\">Applied <strong data-start=\"2056\" data-end=\"2100\">threshold-triggered blockchain anchoring<\/strong> to Ethereum (Sepolia testnet)<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2133\" data-end=\"2214\"><p data-start=\"2135\" data-end=\"2214\">Integrated <strong data-start=\"2146\" data-end=\"2189\">automatic rollover and retry mechanisms<\/strong> to ensure no data loss<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"2216\" data-end=\"2233\"><strong data-start=\"2216\" data-end=\"2231\">Deployment:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"2234\" data-end=\"2413\"><li data-start=\"2234\" data-end=\"2287\"><p data-start=\"2236\" data-end=\"2287\">Continuous operation for <strong data-start=\"2261\" data-end=\"2285\">135 hours (5.6 days)<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2288\" data-end=\"2338\"><p data-start=\"2290\" data-end=\"2338\">Over <strong data-start=\"2295\" data-end=\"2326\">10,268 solar energy records<\/strong> collected<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2339\" data-end=\"2413\"><p data-start=\"2341\" data-end=\"2413\"><strong data-start=\"2341\" data-end=\"2375\">130 Merkle-batched submissions<\/strong> successfully anchored to blockchain<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"2415\" data-end=\"2443\"><strong data-start=\"2415\" data-end=\"2441\">Evaluation Parameters:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"2444\" data-end=\"2683\"><li data-start=\"2444\" data-end=\"2501\"><p data-start=\"2446\" data-end=\"2501\">Operational overhead (CPU, RAM, temperature, network)<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2502\" data-end=\"2548\"><p data-start=\"2504\" data-end=\"2548\">Reliability under connectivity disruptions<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2549\" data-end=\"2618\"><p data-start=\"2551\" data-end=\"2618\">Cost and carbon footprint benchmarking against alternative models<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2619\" data-end=\"2683\"><p data-start=\"2621\" data-end=\"2683\">Comparative analysis with local-only and cloud-based loggers<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-443380e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"443380e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Research Key Results<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18f93c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-tp-adv-text-block\" data-id=\"18f93c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tp-adv-text-block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pt-plus-text-block-wrapper\" ><div class=\"text_block_parallax\"><div class=\"pt_plus_adv_text_block \" ><div class=\"text-content-block\"><ul><li data-start=\"2710\" data-end=\"3028\"><p data-start=\"2713\" data-end=\"2751\"><strong data-start=\"2713\" data-end=\"2749\">Tamper-Evidence and Auditability<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"2755\" data-end=\"3028\"><li data-start=\"2755\" data-end=\"2859\"><p data-start=\"2757\" data-end=\"2859\">All 130 blockchain submissions were verified successfully using an independent Merkle verifier tool.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2863\" data-end=\"2961\"><p data-start=\"2865\" data-end=\"2961\">Any manipulation of raw logs (insertion, deletion, reordering) immediately invalidated proofs.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2965\" data-end=\"3028\"><p data-start=\"2967\" data-end=\"3028\">Established <strong data-start=\"2979\" data-end=\"3003\">end-to-end integrity<\/strong> for solar energy data.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"3030\" data-end=\"3249\"><p data-start=\"3033\" data-end=\"3065\"><strong data-start=\"3033\" data-end=\"3063\">System Resource Efficiency<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"3069\" data-end=\"3249\"><li data-start=\"3069\" data-end=\"3100\"><p data-start=\"3071\" data-end=\"3100\">Average CPU load: <strong data-start=\"3089\" data-end=\"3098\">0.01%<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3104\" data-end=\"3130\"><p data-start=\"3106\" data-end=\"3130\">RAM usage: ~<strong data-start=\"3118\" data-end=\"3128\">100 MB<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3134\" data-end=\"3171\"><p data-start=\"3136\" data-end=\"3171\">Device temperature: <strong data-start=\"3156\" data-end=\"3169\">\u2264 43.8 \u00b0C<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3175\" data-end=\"3249\"><p data-start=\"3177\" data-end=\"3249\">Negligible network overhead except during brief blockchain submissions<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"3251\" data-end=\"3566\"><p data-start=\"3254\" data-end=\"3285\"><strong data-start=\"3254\" data-end=\"3283\">Sustainability Assessment<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"3289\" data-end=\"3566\"><li data-start=\"3289\" data-end=\"3371\"><p data-start=\"3291\" data-end=\"3371\">Blockchain logging energy overhead: <strong data-start=\"3327\" data-end=\"3369\">0.00063% of Austria\u2019s annual PV output<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3375\" data-end=\"3451\"><p data-start=\"3377\" data-end=\"3451\">Carbon impact at national scale (250,000 PV systems): ~<strong data-start=\"3432\" data-end=\"3449\">5.2 tCO\u2082\/year<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3455\" data-end=\"3566\"><p data-start=\"3457\" data-end=\"3566\">Transaction cost sensitivity strongly influenced by Ethereum gas price but remains manageable with batching<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"3568\" data-end=\"3900\"><p data-start=\"3571\" data-end=\"3601\"><strong data-start=\"3571\" data-end=\"3599\">Comparative Benchmarking<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"3605\" data-end=\"3900\"><li data-start=\"3605\" data-end=\"3690\"><p data-start=\"3607\" data-end=\"3690\">Outperformed local-only and cloud loggers in <strong data-start=\"3652\" data-end=\"3668\">auditability<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"3673\" data-end=\"3687\">resilience<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3694\" data-end=\"3780\"><p data-start=\"3696\" data-end=\"3780\">Avoided scalability bottlenecks typical of continuous on-chain logging approaches.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3784\" data-end=\"3900\"><p data-start=\"3786\" data-end=\"3900\">Compatible with <strong data-start=\"3802\" data-end=\"3819\">ESG reporting<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"3821\" data-end=\"3855\">renewable energy certification<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"3861\" data-end=\"3886\">regulatory compliance<\/strong> frameworks.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f627a15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f627a15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Broader Implications of this Blockchain Research\n<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34dddbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-tp-adv-text-block\" data-id=\"34dddbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tp-adv-text-block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pt-plus-text-block-wrapper\" ><div class=\"text_block_parallax\"><div class=\"pt_plus_adv_text_block \" ><div class=\"text-content-block\"><p data-start=\"3936\" data-end=\"4099\">This research provides the first <strong data-start=\"3969\" data-end=\"4015\">hardware-validated, reproducible framework<\/strong> for blockchain-based solar energy logging, advancing both theory and practice in:<\/p><ul data-start=\"4101\" data-end=\"4455\"><li data-start=\"4101\" data-end=\"4187\"><p data-start=\"4103\" data-end=\"4187\"><strong data-start=\"4103\" data-end=\"4145\">Renewable Energy Certification (RECs):<\/strong> Automating carbon and energy accounting<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4188\" data-end=\"4270\"><p data-start=\"4190\" data-end=\"4270\"><strong data-start=\"4190\" data-end=\"4227\">ESG and Sustainability Reporting:<\/strong> Enabling verifiable digital audit trails<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4271\" data-end=\"4362\"><p data-start=\"4273\" data-end=\"4362\"><strong data-start=\"4273\" data-end=\"4305\">Peer-to-Peer Energy Markets:<\/strong> Supporting transparent settlement and fraud prevention<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4363\" data-end=\"4455\"><p data-start=\"4365\" data-end=\"4455\"><strong data-start=\"4365\" data-end=\"4400\">Smart Grid and IoT Integration:<\/strong> Facilitating scalable, low-overhead edge deployments<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"4457\" data-end=\"4672\">The logger demonstrates that <strong data-start=\"4486\" data-end=\"4541\">blockchain and sustainability are not contradictory<\/strong>\u2014when carefully designed, blockchain systems can enhance trust and accountability while maintaining minimal environmental impact.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b81c06f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b81c06f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Where to Read the Full Paper\n<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cfa2b48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-tp-adv-text-block\" data-id=\"cfa2b48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tp-adv-text-block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pt-plus-text-block-wrapper\" ><div class=\"text_block_parallax\"><div class=\"pt_plus_adv_text_block \" ><div class=\"text-content-block\"><p data-start=\"5848\" data-end=\"6014\">If you're interested, the full paper is available on <strong data-start=\"5969\" data-end=\"5984\">MDPI SUSTAINABILITY<\/strong> under the following citation:<\/p><blockquote data-start=\"6016\" data-end=\"6292\"><p>Vasheghani Farahani, J., &amp; Treiblmaier, H. (2025). A Sustainability Assessment of a Blockchain-Secured Solar Energy Logger for Edge IoT Environments. Sustainability, 17(17), 8063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su17178063<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/javadvf\/solar_logger\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GitHub Repository \u2013 Source Code &amp; Data<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72370a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"72370a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Final Thoughts<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b5fbbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-tp-adv-text-block\" data-id=\"4b5fbbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tp-adv-text-block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pt-plus-text-block-wrapper\" ><div class=\"text_block_parallax\"><div class=\"pt_plus_adv_text_block \" ><div class=\"text-content-block\"><p data-start=\"1714\" data-end=\"1826\">This publication represents a step toward <strong data-start=\"5072\" data-end=\"5145\">verifiable, tamper-resistant, and sustainable digital infrastructures<\/strong> for renewable energy systems. I welcome collaborations and discussions on extending this framework to broader applications in <strong data-start=\"5272\" data-end=\"5315\">IoT, blockchain, and climate technology<\/strong>.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I am pleased to announce the publication of my latest peer-reviewed article in MDPI Sustainability, co-authored with Prof. Dr. Horst Treiblmaier: Read the full paper here Research Focus The rapid global expansion of distributed photovoltaic (PV) systems has created new opportunities for sustainable energy generation. However, this shift also raises critical challenges: Data integrity and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1230,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_theme","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[19],"class_list":["post-1228","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-academic","tag-article"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.3 (Yoast SEO v22.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>A Sustainability Assessment of a Blockchain-Secured Solar Energy Logger for Edge IoT Environments - Javad Farahani<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/javadfarahani.com\/de\/academic\/a-sustainability-assessment-of-a-blockchain-secured-solar-energy-logger-for-edge-iot-environments\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A Sustainability Assessment of a Blockchain-Secured Solar Energy Logger for Edge IoT Environments\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"I am pleased to announce the publication of my latest peer-reviewed article in MDPI Sustainability, co-authored with Prof. Dr. Horst Treiblmaier: Read the full paper here Research Focus The rapid global expansion of distributed photovoltaic (PV) systems has created new opportunities for sustainable energy generation. 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